The presented study identifies modern organizational and institutional trends in the evolutionary development of transit transport of temperature-sensitive goods.

Aim. The study aims to determine the place and role of transit transport of temperature-sensitive goods across Russia and within the Eurasian space via global communication lines as an efficient direction for the development of transit economy, an innovative method of transport, and a highly profitable form of export for transport services.

Tasks. The authors examine, systematize, and analyze the organizational and institutional directions for the evolutionary development of transit transport of temperature-sensitive goods and formulate proposals for implementing the most efficient corporate mechanisms for the development of transit economy in Russia and formation of a global Eurasia.

Methods. This study uses the methods of evolutionary-institutional theory, systems analysis, theory of engineering and manufacturing balance, and historical approach.

Results. It is determined that the development of transport of temperature-sensitive and other sensitive goods should be evolutionary. In the early 21st century, the transport of fish and seafood from the Asia-Pacific region to the European Union is becoming increasingly important for meeting the demands of retail trade and the food service industry. The benefits (competitive advantages) and shortcomings (market problems) of transit transport of temperature-sensitive goods by different modes of transport are identified. A set of organizational and institutional measures has been developed to improve the traceability of movement of Russian food products for the purpose of development, dispatch, and regular operation of a fleet of “cold express trains”.

Conclusions. One of the organizational and institutional directions for the evolutionary development of transit transport of temperature-sensitive goods involves the activity of supranational political and integration entities, primarily the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), and their efforts to create a unified transport space and to combine infrastructure and integration projects. The establishment of a supranational Eurasian Transit Transport Company (ETTC) should serve as a corporate framework for integration processes within the global Eurasian space in terms of linking transport and communication systems.

The presented study analyzes fire statistics in water transport and documents regulating fire safety requirements.

Aim. The study aims to highlight the need to use technical regulations and fire statistics to develop a fire safety system and to enhance the supervision of compliance with safety regulations during hot works and day-to-day operations on ships.

Tasks. The authors analyze fire statistics over the past years; determine the shipboard spaces where the greatest number of fires occur; examine the causes of fires on ships; identify the major directions in which fires spread in different shipboard spaces; describe the existing types of fire protection and fire-extinguishing equipment and methods for different shipboard spaces; highlight the importance of organizational measures taken by the management during fire-fighting operations and documents regulating fire safety during the construction and operation of ships.

Methods. This study uses the methods of logical and statistical analysis that allow the authors to accumulate information about fires and their consequences, to present the major regulatory documents, and to formulate conclusions regarding the need for a fire safety system.

Results. Statistics on the occurrence and propagation of fires in different shipboard spaces is analyzed. The characteristic features of fire protection measures used in water transport are identified. Fireextinguishing methods used in different shipboard spaces are described. A fire safety regulation system for water transport based on the major regulatory documents is presented.

Conclusions. The conducted study highlights the importance and relevance of organizational measures aimed at the compliance with fire safety requirements and regulatory documents that make it possible to systematize measures necessary to protect the lives of people and to maintain smooth functioning of water transport.

Aim. The presented study aims to examine the state of industrial exports from Saint Petersburg.

Tasks. The authors consider export potential, structure, and dynamics of exports and imports of industrial products in Saint Petersburg; examine structural transformations in Saint Petersburg’s economy sectors and the impact of innovation processes on the export potential of changes in the factors that are significant for export activities.

Methods. This study uses the official data of statistical agencies and customs authorities and processed results of the monitoring and survey of managers of Saint Petersburg enterprises and organizations.

Results. The study assesses the effects of organizational, economic and industrial factors on the export potential of Saint Petersburg’s economic entities, changes in their target markets over the past three years, and results achieved by enterprises and organizations in terms of factors that are significant for export activities.

Conclusions. Excessive state regulation and loopholes in the current legislation are significant factors that limit the export potential of Saint Petersburg enterprises and organizations. At the same time, for large industrial enterprises it is crucial to maintain national rules, international agreements and stability of production. While small and medium enterprises should focus on quality and the cost of components.

The presented study examines the major directions for the application of digital technologies in tourism with an emphasis on the efficiency of digital technologies and digital logistics services; proposes a definition of digital logistics services in tourism; describes directions for the shared use of digital logistics services by tourists and business entities; systematizes the shared use of digital technologies; provides a model for the shared use of digital logistics services that outlines the relationships between the participants of the tourism market.

Aim. The study aims to propose a conceptual model for the shared use of digital logistics services that would outline the relationships between all participants of the tourism market and to accentuate the benefits of the shared use of logistics services.

Tasks. The authors examine the major directions for the application of digital technologies in tourism both for the firm and the destination; analyze approaches and propose a definition of digital logistics services in tourism; systematize directions for the application of modern digital technologies and services in tourism; substantiate the practicability of the shared use of digital logistics services by the consumers (tourists) and producers (enterprises in the hospitality industry) of tourism services; substantiate a conceptual model for the shared use of digital logistics services in tourism.

Methods. This study uses analysis, systematization, and modeling to create a model for the shared use of digital logistics services.

Results. Based on the conducted analysis of the application of digital technologies and logistics services in tourism, the authors propose a definition of digital logistics services in tourism premised on the general understanding of logistics as a set of services that ensure the continuity and consistency of processes to achieve the planned result using digital technologies to accomplish the logistics goal. The study systematizes the shared use of digital technologies and services in tourism, including for the management of tourist flows, and provides a model for the shared use of digital logistics services that outlines the relationships between the participants of the tourism market, directions for their interaction, the place of the logistics service, and the benefits of the shared use of digital logistics services for market harmonization.

Conclusions. The digital transformation of logistics in tourism is a new form of communication between producers and consumers of tourism services, serving as a source of competitive advantages for tourism organizations and an efficient way of managing tourist flows. Competitive advantages will be gained by those tourism enterprises that will manage to implement the process of customization in their services in the best possible way, thus turning consumers from potential into real, loyal clients and ensuring long-term sustainability based on consistently high profitability, which is particularly important during a crisis. The formation of a new market for tourism services based on the digitalization of all processes is now viewed as an opportunity not only to preserve this type of economic activity, but also to develop it through new opportunities provided by digital technologies. Some of the specific features of the digital transformation of logistics in tourism include the existence of personified services and application of the proposed model for the shared use of digital logistics services. Their efficient application will make it possible to preserve the economically and socially important sphere of emotional acquaintance of consumers with the world’s cultural traditions and historical artifacts.

The presented study analyzes the expectations and strategies of individuals in their economic behavior.

Aim. The study aims to identify the major trends in the transformation of the population’s behavioral models in the field of economic decisions, primarily with regard to the implementation of savings strategies.

Tasks. The authors compare data for 2007(2010)–2019 on the structure of application of financial income, on how the population evaluates the favorability of conditions for making major purchases, on the existence of savings and potential for their growth, minimum amount and purpose of savings.

Methods. This study uses such methods as collection and comparative analysis of data from the Federal State Statistics Service, National Agency for Financial Studies (NAFI), Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), and the results of a study conducted by the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISESP RAS), which describes a number of directions of the monetary behavior of Russian people.

Results. The dynamics of changes in the economic strategies and expectations of the population during the examined period is shown. The results of the analysis of data published by the Federal State Statistics Service are confirmed by sociological surveys: Russian people increasingly tend to apply conservative economic strategies and show a lack of optimism in their estimates. In terms of savings, there is a visible reduction in opportunities for savings and in the assessment of the amount that is called ‘savings’.

Conclusions. The transformation of economic behavior is affected by factors associated with rational reasons for making certain decisions and with mental (psychological) motives for choosing a strategy. Changes in the models of savings behavior, which is the most common subject of Russian scientists, are caused by socio-economic factors (external influence) and previous practical experience (internal influence).

The presented study addresses the need to change approaches to the formation of long-term shipbuilding programs in the Russian Federation and determines the place of such programs in the system of strategic management of the national economy.

Aim. The study identifies efficient approaches to the formation of long-term shipbuilding programs in Russia with allowance for international experience and current political and economic conditions.

Tasks. The authors analyze the existing methodological framework for the formation of shipbuilding programs in the Russian Federation; examine the shipbuilding development experience of South Korea, China, the US, and Ukraine; address the issue of improving the investment climate in the shipbuilding industry by changing the institutional conditions in closely related industries.

Methods. This study’s scientific methodology is based on using general scientific methods of cognition, a systems approach to the problem, and comprehensive consideration of the issues of formation of industry programs with allowance for the specific features of shipbuilding.

Results. Over the past decades, shipbuilding programs in the Russian Federation have been formed according to a methodological framework of questionable depth and insufficient sophistication. Successful development of shipbuilding in the world’s leading countries is largely due to the achievement of the required level of competence and technological advancement accumulated through the development of the domestic market, which is impossible without active state participation. Based on the analysis of positive and negative shipbuilding development experience of different countries and current trends in the Russian shipbuilding industry, it is possible to conclude that the success of shipbuilding development largely depends on the rules (institutional conditions) established by the state.

Conclusions. The efficiency of investment processes in the industry can be improved by integrating the shipbuilding development program into a global program for the development of the marine economic complexes of the Russian Federation.

The study presents a motivational delegation model and provides its validation with allowance for the results of recent studies in educational psychology, neurobiology, and pedagogy. In this model, delegation is a communication process serving to transform the intrinsic motivation of employees to align it with business goals and objectives.

Aim. This study aims to validate and verify a model of motivational delegation based on studies in neurobiology, psychology, and pedagogy.

Tasks. The authors analyze studies on the subject of motivation in neurobiology, social psychology, and pedagogy, identify factors that explain a motivation model based on internal self-determination, and substantiates an algorithm of communication between the manager and the subordinate during the delegation of business tasks.

Methods. The scientific methodology of the study includes empirical modeling based on the author’s experiments, analyzing and synthesizing information about intrinsic motivation from available sources, evaluating relevance to the tasks, identifying factors affecting motivation, abstracting and modeling a mechanism and algorithm of motivational delegation.

Results. To simplify the understanding of the neurofunctionality of human motivation and modeling of motivation during delegation, the authors introduce the concepts of “want” motivation and “need” motivation. Deep motivational attitudes embedded into the functioning of the amygdala in the form of value orientations can be briefly defined as the “unconscious want”. A positive or negative encoded signal generated by the amygdala that enters different parts of the brain depending on its nature can be referred to as the “conscious want”. The positive “conscious want” activates the prefrontal cortex, i.e. the cognitive and communicative function, while the “conscious don’t want” activates spatial orientation and avoidance motivation. For extrinsic motivation stimuli, the authors introduce the definition of “need”, assuming that the origin of these stimuli is completely extraneous and appears in the prefrontal cortex upon assignment of the delegated task. There are many tools for collaborative goal-setting and team project planning that can activate the “conscious want”. However, if there is a gap between the conscious and the unconscious “want”, there will be no real engagement in the task.

Conclusions. Motivational delegation makes it possible to reliably activate both the emotional part of the employee’s brain, which provides energy for performing the task, and the prefrontal complex, which is responsible for the reasoning, creativity, and logic behind the result and execution of the task. Delegation becomes more complex and can be used efficiently in highly intellectual activities for solving creative and logical tasks.

The presented study examines the relationship between the tax system and the level of corruption in Russia.

Aim. The study aims to provide a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the relationship and convergence between the tax system and the level of corruption in the Russian economy for the purposes of implementation of Russia’s economic security concept.

Tasks. The authors examine the legislation on taxes and duties of the Russian Federation and the Russian anti-corruption legislation; examine the factors that affect the relationship between the tax system and the level of corruption in Russia and the country’s economic security; identify problems in the mutual influence of the tax system and the level of corruption caused by a low level of legal consciousness and extralegal approaches to the formation of the tax system that disregard theoretical foundations; substantiate recommendations for organizing a system of taxes and duties that would minimize the lobbying of economic and political forces in view of the objective social and public importance of the tax system for the country.

Methods. The methodological basis of this study includes the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, theory of public administration in taxation, and works on anti-corruption policy. The information basis of the study comprises the regulatory and legal acts of the Russian Federation on taxation and anti-corruption measures, Russian statistics on tax administration, and materials of national programs.

Results. The study substantiates that at the current stage of development of the tax administration system it is possible to determine an objective trend: the Russian tax system has become an objective and substantial prerequisite for active impact of the quasi-legal tax system on the level of corruption, i.e. corrupt practices at the time of the establishment of the corresponding public relations have determined today’s acts of corruption.

Conclusions. There is a close relationship between the tax system and the level of corruption in the country.

The presented study analyzes the reasons for the need to move away from the US dollar (hereinafter referred to as the dollar) as a universal means of payment in international trade based on the existing threats, examines alternative means of international payments, and identifies their benefits and drawbacks in the context of Russia’s economic security.

Aim. The study aims to identify and characterize the means of international payments that fall in line with Russia’s strategic priorities from the perspective of economic security.

Tasks. The author considers the risks of using the dollar in international payments and reserves, assesses various means of international payments from the perspective of Russia’s strategic interests, and evaluates the possibility of substituting the dollar with alternative means of international payments.

Methods. This study analyzes information from the International Economic Forums, statistics of the Central Bank of Russia, Federal State Statistics Service, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the economic security strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030, reports of news agencies, and works of Russian and foreign authors on the subject.

Results. Based on the results of the conducted study, the author draws several conclusions. Due to many factors, the most important of them being the volume of trade in dollars, the dollar will remain the world’s leading currency in international trade. However, given that de-dollarization is a global process, the existing trends will amplify. A supranational currency is unlikely to appear for a number of reasons. First, the obvious opposition of the United States due to its unwillingness to let go of such a powerful lever of economic well-being and political influence as the use of the dollar as a global means of payment. The US would probably agree to creating a supranational currency in the medium term if the global process of de-dollarization reaches critical values. Second, the financial and trade centers of the euro and renminbi area are likely to focus on developing their own currencies, especially given the growing global GDP and China’s trade. Creating a supranational currency based on the existing structure of the International monetary Fund (hereinafter — the IMF), following the example of Special Drawing Rights (SDR), with the IMF virtually controlled by the United States, will not eliminate the threat of the currency being used as an instrument of political pressure on individual countries. Replacing the dollar with such kind of supranational currency does not serve the interests of Russia’s economic security. A potential alternative involves creating a supranational currency based on a structure that is independent of the IMF. In this case, the obstacles would include the obvious opposition of the US and its allies and the potential influence of the US on the emission of the supranational currency using its foreign political resources to affect the decisions made by other countries. Using national currencies in international trade in the medium term under the influence of globalization would lead to a formation of multiple currency centers. These centers would most likely be the dollar, euro, renminbi, and ruble.

Conclusions. The creation of a ruble-based International Monetary Center with the CIS, BRIC countries (except China), and Turkey serves Russia’s strategic interests. Further consolidation around the ruble would require implementing a financial sustainability policy, maintaining the stability of the macroeconomic environment, creating an international bank similar to the IMF with payments made in rubles, strengthening offshore ruble areas, and increasing high-tech exports.

This study presents the results of the economic modeling of commodity export flows from the Russian Federation in 2012–2016.

Aim. The study aims to assess the direct and indirect effects of the US and European sanctions on export flows from Russia.

Tasks. The authors collect the necessary data and carry out modeling using modern analysis methods to obtain a complete picture of the effects of sanctions on Russia, including a quantitative assessment of these effects.

Methods. The modeling is based on network analysis, which was selected after consulting a wide range of scientific works and examining possible alternative methodological approaches to the problem under consideration.

Results. The authors successfully complete network modeling for the major export commodity groups of the Russian Federation: aluminum, gas, and oil (including crude oil); formulate and test the hypothesis of Russia’s changing role in international trade as a result of sanctions; summarize the results of the model calculations of the aggregate effects of sanctions pressure on the export of the major commodity groups from Russia.

Conclusion. In general, sanctions pressure has an obvious negative impact on the Russian economy, but the timeframe and scope of this impact are not up to the original estimates of the US and the European countries that introduced these sanctions.

Nowadays, there is a need to develop and implement a qualitatively new structural-functional model of higher education system management that would make allowance for labor market requirements, public and societal demands on the one hand and individual adaptive characteristics of students on the other hand. A study of the development and implementation of a higher education system management model based on the personalized learning path approach is relevant due to the societal and labor market demand for specialists capable of continuous self-development and high adaptability to rapidly changing external conditions, which increases the efficiency of management of the country’s social system development.
Aim. The study aims to examine the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of a higher education system management model based on the personalized learning path approach combined with the socio-occupational integration of students.
Tasks. The authors analyze theoretical approaches to the modeling of education system management and develop a structural-functional model of higher education system management based on the personalized learning path approach.
Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition and analysis of scientific works of foreign and Russian authors on management, including management of educational and social systems.
Results. The model of development and implementation of a personalized learning path is substantiated as the most effective approach to higher education system management.
Conclusions. Systematic implementation of a higher education system management model based on the personalized learning path approach has a positive social effect of increasing the quality of education and science along with the active transformation of higher education and application of innovative forms of educational process management through the implementation of the process approach and the Triple Helix concept.

The presented study identifies approaches to decision-making aimed at the optimal development of the urban environment.

Aim. The study aims to develop proposals for improving methodological approaches aimed at the development of the urban environment and for using these approaches in the preparation of the corresponding management decisions.

Tasks. The author assesses the problem of urbanization and shows how it affects the need to modernize the urban environment; formulates the principles of optimization of management decision-making aimed at the development of the urban environment; evaluates the possibility of the practical implementation of these principles (through the example of the federal city of St. Petersburg).

Methods. This study uses strategic analysis, systems and case-based approach, comparative and retrospective analysis.

Results. The practical aspects of designing the processes and approaches to urban environment management are examined. The efficiency of management is shown to depend largely on the optimization of management decisions that could improve the effectiveness of individual services aimed at the formation and development of a modern urban environment in the long term. The study describes the successful experience of St. Petersburg in developing the complex of urban environment management services.

Conclusions. Improving urban environment management is an important aspect of increasing the population’s quality of life. As evidenced by St. Petersburg’s experience, to achieve a high level of comfort in the urban environment it is necessary to actively use the principles of consistency, innovation, and public participation in decision-making. The author recommends normative consolidation of these principles and their more active practical application in the management of Russian cities.