<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emjume</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика и управление</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics and Management</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1627</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-7984</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбУТУиЭ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35854/1998-1627-2019-12-41-55</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emjume-782</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND CORPORATE MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности частного финансирования сферы здравоохранения: новые вызовы и перспективы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Characterises of Private Financing of Healthcare: New Challenges and Prospects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедов</surname><given-names>З. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedov</surname><given-names>Z. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамедов Захид Фаррух - директор департамента организации и управления научной деятельностью, доктор экономических наук, профессор.</p><p>AZ1001, Азербайджан, Баку, ул. Истиглалият, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zakhid F. Mamedov</p><p>Istiglaliyat St. 6, Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1001</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.zahid.mamed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедова</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedova</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамедова Севда Керимовна - старший преподаватель, кандидат экономических наук.</p><p>AZ1001, Азербайджан, Баку, ул. Истиглалият, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sevda K. Mamedova</p><p>Istiglaliyat St. 30, Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1001</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзаев</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzaev</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирзаев Мирза Рашид оглы - советник ректора по финансовым вопросам.</p><p>AZ-1073/1, Азербайджан, г. Баку, ул. 3. Халилова, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mirza R. o. Mirzaev</p><p>Khalilov St. 23, Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ-1073/1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mirza65@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Азербайджанский государственный экономический университет (UNEC)<country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan State University of Economics (Baku)<country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Бакинский государственный университет (БГУ)<country>Азербайджан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Baku State University<country>Azerbaijan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мамедов З.Ф., Мамедова С.К., Мирзаев М.Р., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мамедов З.Ф., Мамедова С.К., Мирзаев М.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mamedov Z.F., Mamedova S.K., Mirzaev M.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/782">https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/782</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ особенностей и динамики развития частного финансирования сферы здравоохранения в мире и по группам стран, выявление тенденций, а также наиболее приемлемых направлений развития частного финансирования сферы здравоохранения.</p></sec><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи. Установление динамики и структуры расходов на здравоохранение; изучение факторов, определяющих развитие частного сектора в здравоохранении; характеристика частных источников финансирования сферы здравоохранения; анализ структуры частных расходов на здравоохранение в разных группах стран; выявление наиболее перспективных и эффективных направлений развития частного финансирования сферы здравоохранения; определение основных критериев государственной политики по привлечению частного капитала в систему здравоохранения и анализ роли государства в формировании тенденций в развитии частного финансирования сферы здравоохранения. Методология. В процессе исследования использовались методы логического, статистического, сравнительного анализа; синтеза; дедукции и индукции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Желание правительств ряда стран мира повышать доступность и качество предоставляемых населению медицинских услуг, не нарушая принципы равенства и социальной справедливости, развития медицины, повышения социальной значимости здоровья, а также ожидания людей от системы здравоохранения, социально-демографические изменения в мире приводят к росту абсолютных и относительных показателей финансирования рассматриваемой сферы. Происходит расширение частного сектора здравоохранения. Рост расходов на эту сферу наблюдается в условиях и экономического роста, и экономического кризиса, хотя во время кризиса заметно и некоторое падение темпов роста расходов на здравоохранение. Анализ структурной динамики расходов позволяет выявить более значительный рост частных платежей по сравнению с государственными в докризисный, посткризисный период, а также в период кризиса. Вместе с тем средняя государственная/ страховая доля расходов на здравоохранение осталась постоянной (приблизительно 73 %), очевидна тенденция расширения частного финансирования, что обусловлено правовыми изменениями, поправками к социальному пакету и введением/расширением разделения затрат. При этом наибольший рост выявлен в отношении частного страхования.</p><p>В числе определяющих факторов при привлечении частных инвестиций в рассматриваемую сферу — экономическое развитие страны, абсолютные и относительные показатели государственного финансирования здравоохранения; объем, структура, качество медицинских услуг, предоставляемых в рамках национального страхования; эластичность государственных и частных расходов по доходу; а также особенности страны (культурные, исторические, географические, политические, социальные). Вместе с тем специфика медицинских услуг как товара и рынка медицинских услуг требует обязательного государственного регулирования деятельности частного сектора. Распространение частных платежей, как показывает опыт, снижает доступ к медицинским услугам, ухудшает показатели здоровья населения, создавая угрозу для национальной безопасности и предпосылки для повышения расходов на здравоохранение в перспективе. Высокие издержки при получении медицинской помощи, потеря дохода могут привести к финансовым катастрофам, что наблюдается и в развивающихся странах, и в развитых. Анализ источников частного финансирования показывает, что ДМС и соплатежи — наиболее солидарные и эффективные виды частных платежей. Поэтому прямые и неформальные платежи не могут быть альтернативным источником финансирования. В качестве основного механизма привлечения частного капитала они используются только в развивающихся странах, хотя в некоторой степени присущи развитым странам. В странах с высоким и средним уровнем дохода широко применяются наиболее надежные и эффективные виды частных платежей — частное медицинское страхование и соплатежи.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Анализ динамики и структуры расходов на здравоохранение показывает, что рост частных расходов на здравоохранение превышает рост государственных расходов, и эта тенденция наиболее явно прослеживается в кризисный и посткризисный периоды. Расширение частного финансирования в определенной мере инициируется государством. Политика государства в привлечении частных средств подразумевает формирование дополнительного источника финансирования, не нарушая принципов социальной справедливости, солидарности, равенства и доступности медицинских услуг для граждан страны. Это подразумевает повышение доли государственного финансирования и совершенствование критериев приоритизиции при выборе медицинских услуг в государственный бесплатный пакет, снижение доли прямых и неофициальных платежей и стимулирование расширения ДМС и соплатежи с введением новых механизмов по повышению их социальной справедливости и равнодоступности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Analysis of features and dynamics of development of private financing of healthcare in the world and in the groups of countries; identification of tendencies, as well as the most suitable areas of development of private healthcare financing.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. Identification of dynamics and structure of expenses for healthcare; study of the factors determining development of the healthcare private healthcare providers; characteristic of the healthcare private sources of financing; analysis of the structure of private healthcare expenses in different groups of countries; detection of the most prospective and effective areas of development of the healthcare private financing; definition of the main criteria of the government policy for raising private funds to healthcare and analysis of the role of state in establishing tendencies of development of the healthcare private financing.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. Methods of logic, statistical, comparative analysis; synthesis; deduction and induction were used in the research.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Willingness of the government of the number of countries to increase accessibility and quality of the health services rendered to population without violation of the principles of equality and social equity, development of human medicine, enhancement of the social value of health, as well as people expectations from the healthcare system, social and demographic changes in the world result in growth of the absolute and relative indicators of financing of the area concerned. The healthcare private services are enlarged. Increase of expenses for this area is observed in the conditions of both economic growth and economic crisis, though some reduction of expenses to healthcare is obvious for crisis. Analysis of the structural dynamics of expenses allows detecting the most significant growth of private payments in comparison with the state ones in the periods before crisis, after crisis and in crisis. At the same time the state/insurance share of expenses for healthcare is kept constant (about 73 %), the tendency of the private financing expansion is obvious, which is stipulated by the legal changes, revisions of the social package and introduction/enlargement of costs division. The highest growth was detected in private insurance.</p><p>The crucial factors for raising private investments in the area concerned include economic development of the country, absolute and relative indicators of the state financing of healthcare; volume, structure, quality of the health services rendered within the national insurance; elasticity of the state and private expenses per revenue; as well as features of the country (cultural, historical, geographical, political, and social). At the same time, specificity of the health services as a product and the market of health services require mandatory state regulation of the private providers operation. Spreading of private payments, according to the experience, reduces access to health services, deteriorates population health indicators creating threats to the national safety and prerequisites for healthcare expenses increase in the future. High expenses for health services, loss of profit can result in financial disasters, which are observed in both developing and developed countries. Analysis of the sources of private financing demonstrates that voluntary health insurance and co-payments are the most aligned and effective types of private payments. Therefore direct and informal payments cannot be an alternative source of financing. They are used as the main mechanism for raising private capital only in developing countries; however, are typical to developed countries to a certain extent. The most reliable and effective types of private payment — private health insurance and co-payments are used in the countries with high and medium level of income.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Analysis of dynamics and structure of expenses for healthcare shows that the growth of private expenses for healthcare exceeds the growth of the state expenses, this tendency is the most vivid in the crisis and post-crisis periods. Expansion of private financing is initiated by the state to a certain extent. The government policy in raising private funds includes formation of additional source of financing without violation of the principles of social equity, solidarity, equality and accessibility of the health services for the citizens of the country. This means increase of the share of the government financing and improvement of criteria of setting priorities when selecting health services in the state free package, reduction of the share of direct and inofficial payments and stimulation of expansion of voluntary health insurance and co-payments introducing new mechanisms for improving the social equity and equal access.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расходы</kwd><kwd>расходы на здравоохранение</kwd><kwd>частные расходы на здравоохранение</kwd><kwd>соплатежи</kwd><kwd>частное медицинское страхование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>expenses</kwd><kwd>healthcare expenses</kwd><kwd>private expenses for healthcare</kwd><kwd>co-payments</kwd><kwd>private health insurance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The world health report 2000. Health systems: Improving performance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. 10 p. URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA53/ea4.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The world health report 2000. Health systems: Improving performance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. 10 p. URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA53/ea4.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO conference on European health care reforms. Proc. conf. (Ljubljana, 17-19 June, 1996). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 1996. 101 p. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bit-stream/handle/10665/108068/EUR_ICP_CARE_01_02_01.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO conference on European health care reforms. Proc. conf. (Ljubljana, 17-19 June, 1996). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 1996. 101 p. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bit-stream/handle/10665/108068/EUR_ICP_CARE_01_02_01.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The World Bank database. 2018. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP.PP.KD?end=2014&amp;start=1995&amp;view=chart</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The World Bank database. 2018. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP.PP.KD?end=2014&amp;start=1995&amp;view=chart</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD health statistics 2015: FOCUS on health spending. URL: https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Focus-Health-Spending-2015.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD health statistics 2015: FOCUS on health spending. URL: https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Focus-Health-Spending-2015.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD health statistics 2016: Definitions, sources and methods. 2016. URL: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Table-of-Content-Metadata-OECD-Health-Statistics-2016.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD health statistics 2016: Definitions, sources and methods. 2016. URL: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Table-of-Content-Metadata-OECD-Health-Statistics-2016.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schreiber G., Maeda A. A Curmudgeon’s guide to financing health care in developing countries. In: Innovation in health care financing. Proc. World Bank conf. (10-11 March, 1997). Washington, DC: The World Bank; 1997:6-40. (World Bank Discussion Paper. 1997;(365). URL: http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/pe/PEAMMarch2005/multi_page.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schreiber G., Maeda A. A Curmudgeon’s guide to financing health care in developing countries. In: Innovation in health care financing. Proc. World Bank conf. (10-11 March, 1997). Washington, DC: The World Bank; 1997:6-40. (World Bank Discussion Paper. 1997;(365). URL: http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/pe/PEAMMarch2005/multi_page.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gottret P., Schieber G. Health financing revisited: A practitioner’s guide. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2006. 340 p. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7094/370910Health0f101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gottret P., Schieber G. Health financing revisited: A practitioner’s guide. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2006. 340 p. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7094/370910Health0f101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kutzin J. Health financing policy: A guide for decision-makers. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2008. 36 p. (Health Financing Policy Paper. 2008;(1)). URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/107899/E91422.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutzin J. Health financing policy: A guide for decision-makers. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2008. 36 p. (Health Financing Policy Paper. 2008;(1)). URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/107899/E91422.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleshin N. A. Realization of economic interests of subjects of the market of medical services. Cand. econ. sci. diss. Synopsis. Saratov: Saratov State Socio-Economic University; 2007. 28 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleshin N. A. Realization of economic interests of subjects of the market of medical services. Cand. econ. sci. diss. Synopsis. Saratov: Saratov State Socio-Economic University; 2007. 28 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global health expenditure database. World Health Organization. 2017. URL: http://apps.who.int/nha/database</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global health expenditure database. World Health Organization. 2017. URL: http://apps.who.int/nha/database</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu K., Saksena P., Jowett M., Indikadahena C., Kutzin J., Evans D.B. Exploring the thresholds of health expenditure for protection against financial risk. World Health Report Background Paper. 2010;(19). URL: https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/19THE-thresv2.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu K., Saksena P., Jowett M., Indikadahena C., Kutzin J., Evans D.B. Exploring the thresholds of health expenditure for protection against financial risk. World Health Report Background Paper. 2010;(19). URL: https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/19THE-thresv2.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abuja declaration on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases. In: African summit on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases (Abuja, Nigeria, 24-27 Apr., 2001). URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/32904-file-2001_abuja_declaration.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abuja declaration on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases. In: African summit on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases (Abuja, Nigeria, 24-27 Apr., 2001). URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/32904-file-2001_abuja_declaration.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global health expenditure database. World Health Organization. 2018. URL: http://apps.who.int/nha/database</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global health expenditure database. World Health Organization. 2018. URL: http://apps.who.int/nha/database</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goudge J., Gilson L., Russell S., Gumede T., Mills A. The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor. Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health. 2009;14(4):458-467. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02256.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goudge J., Gilson L., Russell S., Gumede T., Mills A. The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor. Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health. 2009;14(4):458-467. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02256.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clemans-Cope L., Perry C. D., Kenney G. M., Pelletier J. E., Pantell M. S. Access to and use of paid sick leave among low-income families with children. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):480-486. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clemans-Cope L., Perry C. D., Kenney G. M., Pelletier J. E., Pantell M. S. Access to and use of paid sick leave among low-income families with children. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):480-486. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mamedov Z. F., Mamedova S. K. Features and trends in the development of the private health financing. In: Proc. 37th Int. sci. conf. on economic and social development “Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development” (Baku, 14-15 Feb. 2019). Varazdin: VADEA; 2019:15081516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamedov Z. F., Mamedova S. K. Features and trends in the development of the private health financing. In: Proc. 37th Int. sci. conf. on economic and social development “Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development” (Baku, 14-15 Feb. 2019). Varazdin: VADEA; 2019:15081516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu В. K., Evans D. B., Kawabata K., Zeramdini R., Klavus J., Murray C.J.L. Understanding household catastrophic health expenditures: A multi-country analysis. In: Murray C.J.L., Evans D.B., eds. Health systems performance assessment: Debates, methods, and empiricism. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003:565-572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu В. K., Evans D. B., Kawabata K., Zeramdini R., Klavus J., Murray C.J.L. Understanding household catastrophic health expenditures: A multi-country analysis. In: Murray C.J.L., Evans D.B., eds. Health systems performance assessment: Debates, methods, and empiricism. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003:565-572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shishkin S. V. Formal and informal rules for payment of medical care. Mir Rossii. Sotsiologiya. Etnologiya = Universe of Russia. Sociology. Ethnology. 2003;12(3):104-129. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkin S. V. Formal and informal rules for payment of medical care. Mir Rossii. Sotsiologiya. Etnologiya = Universe of Russia. Sociology. Ethnology. 2003;12(3):104-129. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sari N., Langenbrunner J., Lewis M. Affording out-of-pocket payments in health care: evidence from Kazakhstan. EuroHealth. 2000;16(2):37-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sari N., Langenbrunner J., Lewis M. Affording out-of-pocket payments in health care: evidence from Kazakhstan. EuroHealth. 2000;16(2):37-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginzburq A. I. Insurance. St. Petersburg: Piter; 2004. 174 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginzburq A. I. Insurance. St. Petersburg: Piter; 2004. 174 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheiman I. M. Health economics. Moscow: Teis; 2001. 324 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheiman I. M. Health economics. Moscow: Teis; 2001. 324 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baji P., Boncz I., Jenei G., Gulacsi L. Comparing cost-sharing practices for pharmaceuticals and health care services among four Central European countries. Society and Economy. 2012;34(2):221-240. DOI: 10.1556/SocEc.34.2012.2.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baji P., Boncz I., Jenei G., Gulacsi L. Comparing cost-sharing practices for pharmaceuticals and health care services among four Central European countries. Society and Economy. 2012;34(2):221-240. DOI: 10.1556/SocEc.34.2012.2.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paris V., Hewlett E., Auraaen A., Alexa J., Simon L. Health care coverage in OECD countries in 2012. OECD Health Working Papers. 2016;(88). URL: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en.pdf?expires=1574167506&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=0EB182CF36D820A9021A018218269BDA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paris V., Hewlett E., Auraaen A., Alexa J., Simon L. Health care coverage in OECD countries in 2012. OECD Health Working Papers. 2016;(88). URL: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en.pdf?expires=1574167506&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=0EB182CF36D820A9021A018218269BDA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christensen B. Payment and attendance at general practice preventive health examinations. Family Medicine. 1995;27(8):531-534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christensen B. Payment and attendance at general practice preventive health examinations. Family Medicine. 1995;27(8):531-534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rice T., Morrison K. R. Patient cost sharing for medical services: A review of the literature and implications for health care reform. Medical Care Research and Review. 1994;51(3):235-287. DOI: 10.1177/107755879405100302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rice T., Morrison K. R. Patient cost sharing for medical services: A review of the literature and implications for health care reform. Medical Care Research and Review. 1994;51(3):235-287. DOI: 10.1177/107755879405100302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasje W. N. Timmer J. W., Boendermaker P. M., Haaijer-Ruskamp F. M. Dutch GPs’ perceptions: The influence of out-of-pocket costs on prescribing. Social Science and Medicine. 2002;55(9):1571-1578. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00291-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasje W. N. Timmer J. W., Boendermaker P. M., Haaijer-Ruskamp F. M. Dutch GPs’ perceptions: The influence of out-of-pocket costs on prescribing. Social Science and Medicine. 2002;55(9):1571-1578. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00291-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massaro T., Nemec J., Kalman I. Health system reform in the Czech Republic: Policy lessons from the initial experience of the general health insurance company. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;271(23):1870-1874. DOI:10.1001/jama.1994.03510470074038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massaro T., Nemec J., Kalman I. Health system reform in the Czech Republic: Policy lessons from the initial experience of the general health insurance company. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;271(23):1870-1874. DOI:10.1001/jama.1994.03510470074038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mamedova S. K. Economic value of co-payments in healthcare. In: Proc. 37th Int. sci. conf. on economic and social development “Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development” (Baku, 14-15 Feb. 2019). Varazdin: VADEA; 2019:552-558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamedova S. K. Economic value of co-payments in healthcare. In: Proc. 37th Int. sci. conf. on economic and social development “Socio Economic Problems of Sustainable Development” (Baku, 14-15 Feb. 2019). Varazdin: VADEA; 2019:552-558.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Pietro C., Camenzind P., Sturny I., Crivelli L., Edwards-Garavoglia S., Spranger A., Wittenbecher F., Quentin W. Switzerland: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition. 2015;17(4):1-288. URL: http://www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/0010/293689/Switzerland-HiT.pdf?ua=1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Pietro C., Camenzind P., Sturny I., Crivelli L., Edwards-Garavoglia S., Spranger A., Wittenbecher F., Quentin W. Switzerland: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition. 2015;17(4):1-288. URL: http://www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/0010/293689/Switzerland-HiT.pdf?ua=1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bihari-Axelsson S. Developing priorities in the field of health. Teis. 2002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bihari-Axelsson S. Developing priorities in the field of health. Teis. 2002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mossialos E., Thompson S. Voluntary health insurance in the European Union. Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2004. 208 p. URL: http://www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/0006/98448/E84885.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mossialos E., Thompson S. Voluntary health insurance in the European Union. Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2004. 208 p. URL: http://www.euro.who.int/data/assets/pdf_file/0006/98448/E84885.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Busse R., Blumel M. Germany: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition. 2014;16(2):1-296. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/130246/HiT%20Germany.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Busse R., Blumel M. Germany: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition. 2014;16(2):1-296. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/130246/HiT%20Germany.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaborovskaya A., Shishkin S. Transformation of guarantees of medical services in countries with transitional economy. Obshchestvo i ekonomika = Society and Economy. 2005;(1):184-192. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaborovskaya A., Shishkin S. Transformation of guarantees of medical services in countries with transitional economy. Obshchestvo i ekonomika = Society and Economy. 2005;(1):184-192. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
