<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emjume</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика и управление</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics and Management</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1627</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-7984</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбУТУиЭ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emjume-636</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Верна ли для Армении гипотеза роста на основе экспорта?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Is the Export-Oriented Growth Hypothesis Valid for Armenia?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дохолян</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dokholyan</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дохолян Сергей Владимирович - доктор экономических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>367030, Республика Дагестан, г. Махачкала, ул. М. Ярагского, д. 75</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yаragskogo St. 75, Makhachkala, 367030</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саргсян</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sargsyan</surname><given-names>Lilit N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саргсян Лилит Норайровна - кандидат экономических наук, научный сотрудник</p><p>0015, Республика Армения, г. Ереван, ул. Григора Лусаворича, д. 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigora Lusavorich St. 15, Yerevan, 0015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт социально-экономических исследований Дагестанского научного центра РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Social and Economic Research Dagestan Scientific Center of RAS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики им. М. Котаняна Национальной академии наук Республики Армения</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Economics named after M. Kotanyan of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дохолян С.В., Саргсян Л.Н., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дохолян С.В., Саргсян Л.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dokholyan S.V., Sargsyan L.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/636">https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/636</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Целью данной статьи является проверка гипотезы экспорто-­ориентированного роста для Армении в период 1998–2017 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи. Для достижения этой цели авторы рассматривают механизм причинно­-следственный взаимосвязи экспорта и ВВП.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Для исследования авторы проводили корелляционный анализ и показали результаты теста причинно­-следственной связи Грейнджера. Анализ построен на квартальных данных 1998:Q1­2017:Q4. Анализ проведен с помощью пакета Eviews 4.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Результаты показывают, что существует высокая корреляция между экспортом и ВВП (0,81). Можно также сказать, что рост экспорта в любом квартале вызывает рост ВВП в том же квартале, после II квартала и в последнем квартале через 2 года. А рост ВВП вызывает рост экспорта в течение 2–7 лагов времени. Результаты теста Грейнджера показывают, что в течение некоторого периода времени рост экспорта вызывает приток иностранной валюты, что также вызывает рост импорта. И, наконец, мы обнаружили, что существует сильная положительная связь между импортом и ВВП, а также мы не смогли отвергнуть гипотезу «импорт не вызывает роста ВВП».</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Анализ показал, что гипотеза экспорто-­ориентированного роста действует для Армении. Выявлен следующий механизм влияния экспорта на экономический рост: рост экспорта вызывает приток дополнительной иностранной валюты в течение 3 месяцев, что вызывает укрепление местной валюты, а в течение следующих 9 месяцев вызывая рост импорта (особенно для импорта средств производства и сырья), и, наконец, результатом является рост ВВП в течение следующих 3,5 лет. Следует отметить, что этот процесс является непрерывным, поскольку рост ВВП вызывает рост экспорта в следующих 7 кварталах.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The presented study examines the relevant problems of Export­led growth hypothesis for Armenia.</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The study aims to check if the export­led growth hypothesis is valid for Armenia in term of 1998–2017 or not.</p></sec><sec><title>Tasks</title><p>Tasks. To achieve this aim, the authors examine the mechanism of the relationship between export and GDP.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. For this purpose the correlation analysis is performed, as well as the results of Granger­causality test are shown.For this analysis, quarterly data are chosen covering 1998:Q1­2017:Q4. The analysis is provided by Eviews 4.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The results show that there is a high correlation between export and GDP (0.81). We can state also that the export growth in any quarter causes GDP growth in the same quarter, after 2 quarters, and in the last quarter after 2 years. The GDP growth causes export growth lagged 2–7 periods. The results of the Grangercausality test show that for some period of time the rise in export causes the inflow of foreign currency, which also causes a rise in import. And finally, we revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between the import and GDP, and also we cannot reject the hypothesis “import does not cause GDP growth”.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The analysis shows that the Export­led growth hypothesis is valid for Armenia. The identified mechanism of impact of export on economic growth is the following: export growth causes an inflow of additional foreign currency during 3 months, which causes local currency appreciation and in the next 9 months the growth of import (especially for import of capital goods and raw materials) could be caused. And finally, the outcome is the GDP growth during the next 3.5 years. It must be noted that this process is continuous, as GDP growth causes export growth in the next 7 quarters.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспорто-­ориентированный рост</kwd><kwd>импорт</kwd><kwd>ВВП</kwd><kwd>валютный курс</kwd><kwd>тест Грейнджер причинности</kwd><kwd>укрепление валюты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>export­led growth</kwd><kwd>import</kwd><kwd>GDP</kwd><kwd>exchange rate</kwd><kwd>Granger­causality test</kwd><kwd>currency appreciation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саргсян Л. Н. Сравнительный анализ влияния экспорта и импорта на экономический рост в мире и в Армении // Интернаука. Серия: Экономические науки. 2018. № 2 (10). С. 131−136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sargsyan L. N. Sravnitel’nyy analiz vliyaniya eksporta i importa na ekonomicheskiy rost v mire i v Armenii [Comparative analysis of the impact of export and import on economic growth in the world and in Armenia]. Mіzhnarodniy naukoviy zhurnal Іnternauka. Serіya: Ekonomіchnі nauki, 2018, no. 2 (10), pp. 131–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson C. Mercantilism: some vicissitudes of an idea // Economic History Review. 1957. Vol. 10 (2). P. 181−188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson C. “Mercantilism”: Some vicissitudes of an idea. Economic History Review, 1957, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 181–188. DOI: 10.2307/2590856.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phyllis D. The Evolution of Economic Ideas. Cambridge: CUP Publ., 1978. 236 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phyllis D. The evolution of economic ideas. Cambridge: CUP Publ., 1978. 236 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humphrey T. M. Mercantilists and Classicals: Insights from Doctrinal History // Economic Quarterly. 1999. Vol. 85 (2). P. 55−82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humphrey T. M. Mercantilists and classicals: Insights from doctrinal history. Economic Quarterly, 1999, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 55–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krugman P. R., Obstfeld M. International Economics: Theory and Policy. Boston: Addison­Wesley, 2003. 783 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krugman P. R., obstfeld M. International economics: Theory and policy. Boston, MA; London: Addison­Wesley, 2003. 783 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keynes J. M. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Ch. 23. London: Macmillan, 1936. P. 333–372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keynes J. M. The general theory of employment, interest and money. Ch. 23. London: Macmillan, 1936. P. 333–372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haberler G. A Survey of International Trade Theory. Princeton University Press, 1961. 78 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haberler G. A survey of international trade theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. 78 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlin B. Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. 324 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlin B. Interregional and international trade. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967. 324 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleyard D. R., Field A. J., Cobb S. L. International Economics: Trade, Theory and Policy. 5th ed. N. Y.: McGraw­Hill, 2006. 784 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleyard D. R., Field A. J., Cobb S. L. International economics: Trade, theory and policy. 5th ed. N. Y.: McGraw­Hill, 2006. 784 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torosyan T. International economics: trade and finance. Yerevan, 2005. P. 40−48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torosyan T. International economics: Trade and finance. Yerevan, 2005, pp. 40–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rybczynski T. M. Factor Endowment and Relative Commodity Prices // Economica: New Series. 1955. Vol. 22 (88). P. 336−341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rybczynski T. M. Factor endowment and relative commodity prices. Economica: New Series, 1955, vol. 22, no. 88, pp. 336–341. DOI: 10.2307/2551188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viner J. International Trade and Economic De velopment. oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. P. 120−123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viner J. International trade and economic development. oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, pp. 120–123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagelstam J. Mercantillism Still Influences Practical Trade Policy at the End of the Twentieth Century // Journal of World Trade. 1991. Vol. 25 (2). P. 95−105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagelstam J. Mercantillism still influences practical trade policy at the end of the twentieth century. Journal of World Trade, 1991, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 95–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter M. E. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. N. Y.: Free Press, 1985. 557 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter M. E. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. N. Y.: Free Press, 1985. 557 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posner M. V. International Trade and Technical Change // oxford Economic Papers. 1961. Vol. 13 (3). P. 323–341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posner M. V. International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 1961, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 323–341. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a040877.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vernon R. International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1966. Vol. 80 (2). P. 190−207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernon R. International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1966, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 190–207. DOI: 10.2307/1880689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linder S. B. An Essay on Trade and Transformation. N. Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1961. P. 3−26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linder S. B. An essay on trade and transformation. N. Y.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 1961, pp. 3–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hausmann R., Klinger B. Structural Transformation and Patterns of Comparative Advantage in the Product Space // Working Paper. 2006. No. 128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hausmann R., Klinger B. Structural transformation and patterns of comparative advantage in the product space. CID Working Paper, 2006, no. 128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alesina A., Wacziarg R. Openness, country size and the government // Journal of Public Economics. 1998. Vol. 69 (3). P. 305−321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alesina A., Wacziarg R. openness, country size and the government. Journal of Public Economics, 1998, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 305–321. DOI: 10.1016/S0047­2727(98)00010­3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edwards S. Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? // Economic Journal. 1998. Vol. 108 (447). P. 383−398.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edwards S. openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? The Economic Journal, 1998, vol. 108, no. 447, pp. 383–398. DOI: 10.1111/1468­0297.00293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levine R., Renelt D. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions // The American Economic Review. 1992. Vol. 82 (4). P. 942−963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levine R., Renelt D. A sensitivity analysis of crosscountry growth regressions. The American Economic Review, 1992, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 942–963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben-David D. Equalizing Exchange: Trade Libe ralization and Income Convergence // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1993. Vol. 108 (3). P. 653−679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben­David D. Equalizing exchange: Trade liberalization and income convergence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 653–679. DOI: 10.2307/2118404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пебро М. Международные экономические, валютные и финансовые отношения / пер. с фр.; общ. ред. Н. С. Бабинцевой. М.: Прогресс; Универс, 1994. 496 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pebereau M. La politique économique de la France: Les instruments [The economic policy of France: The instruments]. Paris: Armand Colin, 1988. 378 p. (Russ. ed.: Pebereau M. Mezhdunarodnye ekonomicheskie, valyutnye i finansovye otnosheniya. Moscow: Progress; Univers, 1994. 496 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodriguez F., Rodrick D. Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptic’s guide to the cross­national evidence // NBER Macroeconomics Annual. 2000. Vol. 15. P. 261−325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodriguez F., Rodrick D. Trade policy and economic growth: A skeptic’s guide to the cross­national evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual,2000, vol. 15, pp. 261–325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peter H. L., Williamson J. G. Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal? // NBER Working Paper. 2001. No. 8228. P. 23−35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peter H. L., Williamson J. G. Does globalization make the world more unequal? NBER Working Paper, 2001, no. 8228, pp. 23–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Линдерт П. Экономика мирохозяйственных связей. М.: Прогресс, 1992. 518 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindert P. H. International economics. N. Y.: McGraw Hill Education Publ., 1989. 704 p. (Russ. ed.: Lindert P. H. Ekonomika mirokhozyaystvennykh svyazey. Moscow: Progress Publ., 1992. 518 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harberger A. C. Economic Policy and Economic Growth. San Francisco: International Center for Economic Growth, 1985. 48 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harberger A. C. Economic policy and economic growth. San Francisco, CA: International Center for Economic Growth, 1985. 48 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balassa B. Exports and economic growth: Further evidence // Journal of Development Economics. 1978. Vol. 5 (2). P. 181−189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balassa B. Exports and economic growth: Further evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 1978, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 181–189. DOI: 10.1016/0304­3878(78)90006­8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tyler W. G. Growth and export expansion in developing countries: Some empirical evidence // Journal of Development Economics. 1981. Vol. 9 (1). P. 121−130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyler W. G. Growth and export expansion in developing countries: Some empirical evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 1981, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 121–130. DOI: 10.1016/0304­3878(81)90007­9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feder G. On exports and economic growth // Journal of Development Economics. 1983. Vol. 12 (1–2). P. 59−73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feder G. on exports and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 1983, vol. 12, no. 1–2, pp. 59–73. DOI: 10.1016/0304­3878(83)90031­7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kavoussi R. M. Export expansion and economic growth: Further empirical evidence // Journal of Development Economics. 1984. Vol. 14 (1). P. 241−250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kavoussi R. M. Export expansion and economic growth: Further empirical evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 1984, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 241–250. DOI: 10.1016/0304­3878(84)90052­X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ram R. Exports and economic growth: Some additional evidence // Economic Development and Cultural Change. 1985. Vol. 33 (2). P. 415−425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ram R. Exports and economic growth: Some additional evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1985, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 415–425. DOI: 10.1086/451468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ram R. Exports and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from Time­-Series and Cross-Section Data // Economic Development and Cultural Change. 1987. Vol. 36 (1). P. 51−72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ram R. Exports and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from time­series and crosssection data. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1987, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 51–72. DOI: 10.1086/451636.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medina-Smith E. J. Is the Expor-­Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Developing Countries? A Case Study of Costa Rica. UNCTAD, Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series, 2001. No. 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medina­Smith E. J. Is the export­led growth hypothesis valid for developing countries? A case study of Costa Rica. UNCTAD Policy Issues in In ter national Trade and Commodities Study Series, 2001, no. 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dokholyan S. V., Makaryan A. Export­oriented Growth Path for the Pharmaceutical Industry in Armenia from 2018 to 2020 // Экономика и управление. 2018. № 10 (156). C. 21−32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dokholyan S. V., Makaryan A. Export­oriented growth path for the pharmaceutical industry in Armenia from 2018 to 2020. Ekonomika i upravleniye, 2018, no. 10 (156), pp. 21–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.armstat.am/en/ (дата обращения: 18.12.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. Available at: https://www.armstat.am/en/. Accessed 18.12.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gujarati D. N. Basic econometrics. 4­th ed. N. Y.: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2004. 1032 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gujarati D. N. Basic econometrics. 4th ed. N. Y.: McGraw­Hill Higher Education, 2004. 1032 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
