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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emjume</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика и управление</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics and Management</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1627</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-7984</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбУТУиЭ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35854/1998-1627-2026-1-118-128</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emjume-2735</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трансформация футбольных клубов от социальных объединений к коммерческим организациям</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The transformation of football clubs from social associations to commercial organizations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2381-9846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гасымов</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gasymov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Афик Гасымов, аспирант</p><p>105005, Москва, ул. Радио, д. 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Afik Gasymov, postgraduate student</p><p>22 Radio St., Moscow 105005</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">afikgsmv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Российский новый университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian New University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гасымов А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гасымов А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gasymov A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2735">https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2735</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выявление ключевых этапов и факторов перехода футбольных клубов из социальных объединений в коммерческие организации.</p></sec><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи. Анализ исторических и правовых предпосылок трансформации футбольных клубов; систематизация организационно-правовых реформ; выявление драйверов коммерциализации, оценки влияния цифровой трансформации и глобализации на современное функционирование отрасли.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Исследование основано на историко-аналитическом подходе с элементами сравнительного и институционального анализа. Использованы анализ научных статей, систематизация данных о развитии футбола в различных странах, а также таблицы для обобщения нормативных изменений и характеристик отрасли.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Трансформация футбольных клубов носила многофакторный и поэтапный характер. Первоначальное социальное расслоение, а затем активное включение рабочего класса сформировали массовый спрос. Легализация профессионального статуса игроков, сопровождаемая волнами акционирования в разных странах (Англии, Италии, Испании), предоставили правовую основу для коммерциализации отрасли. Среди ключевых внешних факторов выделены дерегуляция медиарынка, создание Английской Премьер-лиги, прецедент по судебному делу Босмана и глобальные спонсорские стратегии Международной федерации футбола (FIFA). В современный период цифровизация стала новым инструментом для увеличения доходов, способствуя повышению вовлеченности фанатов, но одновременно усилила зависимость клубов от технологических платформ.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Успешная трансформация футбольных клубов в коммерческие организации требовала синергии социального спроса, адаптивной правовой базы и глобальных коммерческих импульсов. Сделан вывод о формировании экономической модели футбольных клубов, при которой рост доходов сопровождается усилением финансовых рисков и долговой нагрузки.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. This work aimed to identify the key stages and factors in the transition of football clubs from social associations to commercial organizations.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. The study seeks to analyze the historical and legal prerequisites for the transformation of football clubs; to systematize organizational and legal reforms; to identify the drivers of commercialization; and to assess the impact of digital transformation and globalization on the current functioning of the industry.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The study is based on a historical-analytical approach with elements of comparative and institutional analysis. The analysis of scientific articles, systematization of data on the development of football in various countries, as well as tables summarizing regulatory changes and industry characteristics were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The transformation of football clubs was multifactorial and gradual. Initial social stratification, followed by the active inclusion of the working class, created extensive demand. The legalization of players’ professional status, accompanied by waves of corporatization in various countries (England, Italy, Spain), provided the legal basis for the industry commercialization. Key external factors include deregulation of the media market, the creation of the English Premier League, the Bosman case, and the global sponsorship strategies of the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA). In the modern era, digitalization has become a new tool for increasing revenue, fostering fan engagement, but has also increased the clubs’ dependence on technology platforms.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The successful transformation of football clubs into commercial organizations required a synergy between social demand, an adaptive legal framework, and global commercial impulses. It is concluded that an economic model for football clubs is emerging, in which revenue growth is accompanied by increased financial risks and debt burden.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономика спорта</kwd><kwd>профессиональный футбол</kwd><kwd>футбольный клуб</kwd><kwd>футбольные финансы</kwd><kwd>коммерциализация</kwd><kwd>акционирование</kwd><kwd>цифровая трансформация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sports economics</kwd><kwd>professional football</kwd><kwd>football club</kwd><kwd>football finance</kwd><kwd>commercialization</kwd><kwd>corporatization</kwd><kwd>digital transformation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammerschmidt J., Eggers F., Kraus S., Jones P., Filser M. 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