<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emjume</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика и управление</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics and Management</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1627</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-7984</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбУТУиЭ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35854/1998-1627-2024-11-1334-1343</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emjume-2292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>WORLD ECONOMY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Человеческий и социальный капитал  как фактор экономического роста Саудовской Аравии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Human and social capital assets as a factor of economic growth  in Saudi Arabia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7091-4297</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Николаевна Бурова - соискатель, преподаватель на программе MBA экономического факультета119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna N. Burova - applicant, teacher at the MBA program of the Faculty of Economics1 Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aburoffa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1334</fpage><lpage>1343</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бурова А.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бурова А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burova A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2292">https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2292</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ возможности трансформации человеческого и социального капитала с учетом сохранения ценностных установок в обществе на примере Саудовской Аравии; исследование и оценка влияния нового «человеческого ресурса» на эффективную реализацию реформаторской программы «Видение 2030».</p></sec><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи. Проведение литературного обзора в контексте заявленной темы; выявление проблематики формирования и укрепления человеческого и социального капитала; систематизация теоретических и эмпирических исследований; подбор актуальных статистических данных, отражающих основные характеристики человеческих ресурсов Саудовской Аравии; анализ концепции «Видение 2030» и оценка ее промежуточных результатов через призму человеческого и социального капитала.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Автором применены методы анализа литературы в сфере социологии и экономики, синтеза эмпирического и теоретического опыта, компаративного анализа статистических данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Саудовская Аравия демонстрирует уникальный опыт трансформации человеческого и социального капитала за относительно короткое время. Благодаря грамотным действиям лидеров страны по фактическому формированию и укреплению человеческих ресурсов, повышению уровня идентичности, общественной сплоченности, повышению уровня жизни населения и укреплению фактора доверия, общество, считавшееся самым закрытым, «раскрылось» и заняло активную позицию, принося экономические блага, совершая весомый вклад в развитие страны при сохранении ценностных установок. Последовательная и успешная реализация концепции «Видение 2030» доказывает, что в новых экономических реалиях человеческий ресурс является наиболее ценным источником процветания государства и его твердым фундаментом.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Трансформационные экономические реформы возможны без «слома» идентичности и культурных основ общества, а их компетентное «использование» дает ощутимый экономический эффект. Дальнейшие исследовательские компаративные действия, всестороннюю оценку прогресса, промежуточные итоги в достижении целей концепции «Видение 2030» следует регулярно осуществлять для мониторинга социо-экономических изменений и выявления возможных сложностей формирования нового человеческого ресурса как главной экономической движущей силы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The work aimed to analyze the possibility of transforming human and social capital assets while preserving societal value systems, using Saudi Arabia as a case study. It also assessed the impact of the new “human resource” on the successful implementation of the “Vision 2030” reform program.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. The work seeks to conduct a literature review in the context of the declared topic, identify the problems of generating and strengthening human and social capital assets, systematize theoretical and empirical research, select relevant statistical data presenting the main characteristics of human resources in Saudi Arabia, analyze the concept of “Vision  2030” and assess its intermediate results through the prism of human and social capital.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The study employed literature analysis in sociology and economics, synthesized empirical and theoretical knowledge, and conducted comparative analysis of statistical data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Saudi Arabia demonstrates a unique experience of transforming human and social capital assets in a short period. Owning to the competent actions of the country leaders to form actually and strengthen human resources, increase the level of identity, social cohesion, improve the standard of living of the population and strengthen the trust factor, the society, which was considered the most closed, “opened up” and took an active position, bringing economic benefits and making a significant contribution to the country’s development while maintaining the value systems. Consistent and successful implementation of the “Vision 2030” concept proves that in the new economic realities, human resources are the most valuable source of national prosperity and solid foundation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Transformational economic reforms are possible without breaking the identity and cultural foundations of society, and their competent application provides an appreciable economic effect. Regular evaluation of “Vision 2030”, including comparative analyses, progress assessments, and reviews of interim results, are essential for monitoring socio-economic changes and identifying possible difficulties in developing a new human resource as the main economic driving force.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>человеческий капитал</kwd><kwd>социальный капитал</kwd><kwd>культурный капитал</kwd><kwd>экономическое  развитие</kwd><kwd>реформы</kwd><kwd>«Видение 2030»</kwd><kwd>Саудовская Аравия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human capital</kwd><kwd>social capital</kwd><kwd>cultural capital</kwd><kwd>economic development</kwd><kwd>reforms</kwd><kwd>“Vision  2030”</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Файоль А. Общее и промышленное управление / пер. с франц. М.: Субъект, 2024. 176 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fayol H. Administration industrielle et générale. Paris: H. Dunod et E. Pinat; 1917. 174 p. (Russ. ed.: Fayol H. Obshchee i promyshlennoe upravlenie. Moscow: Sub”ekt; 2024. 176 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркс К. Капитал. Т. 1. Кн. 1 / пер. с нем. М.: АСТ, 2001. 1460 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marx K. Capital. Vol. 1. Bk. 1. Transl. from German. Moscow: AST; 2001. 1460 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayo Е. The human problems of an industrial civilization. London: Routledge, 2003. 204 p. (The Early Sociology of Management and Organizations. Vol. VI).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayo Е. The human problems of an industrial civilization. London: Routledge; 2003. 204 p. (The Early Sociology of Management and Organizations. Vol. VI).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беккер Г. Человеческое поведение: экономический подход. Избранные труды по экономической теории / пер. с англ. М.: ВШЭ, 2003. 672 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker G.S. The economic approach to human behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1978. 320 p. (Russ. ed.: Becker G.S. Chelovecheskoe povedenie: ekonomicheskii podkhod. Izbrannye trudy po ekonomicheskoi teorii. Moscow: HSE Publ.; 2003. 672 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воронов А. С., Леонтьева Л. С., Орлова Л. Н., Сергеев С. С. Оценка состояния человеческого капитала на этапе шестого технологического уклада: региональный аспект // Государственное управление. Электронный вестник. 2022. № 90. С. 108–125. DOI: 10.24412/2070-1381-2022-90-108-125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronov A.S., Leont’eva L.S., Orlova L.N., Sergeev S.S. Assessment of human capital state at the stage of the Sixth Technological Paradigm: Regional aspect. Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie. Elektronnyi vestnik = Public Administration. E-Journal. 2022;(90):108-125. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24412/2070-1381-2022-90-108-125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human development index (HDI) // Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. URL: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI (дата обращения: 09.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human development index (HDI). Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. URL: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI (accessed on 09.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. В. Понятие капитала, формы капиталов и их конвертация // Экономическая социология. 2002. Т. 3. № 4. P. 20–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V.V. The concept of capital, forms of capital and their conversion. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya = Economic Sociology. 2002;3(4):20-32. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourdieu P. The forms of capital // Hanbook of theory and research for the sociology of education / ed. J. G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press, 2001. P. 241–258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourdieu P. The forms of capital. In: Richardson J.G., ed. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York, NY: Greenwood Press; 2001:241-258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нуреев Р. М., Латов Ю. В. Человеческий и социальный капитал как основа современной экономики // ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика. 2010. № 5. C. 139–154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nureev R.M., Latov Yu.V. Human and social capital as a basis of modern economy. ETAP: ekonomicheskaya teoriya, analiz, praktika = ETAP: Economic Theory, Analysis, and Practice. 2010;(5):139-154. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фукуяма Ф. Доверие: социальные добродетели и путь к процветанию / пер. с англ. Д. Павловой, В. Кирющенко, М. Колопотина. М.: АСТ, 2004. 730 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukuyama F. Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1996. 480 p. (Russ. ed.: Fukuyama F. Doverie: sotsial’nye dobrodeteli i put’ k protsvetaniyu. Moscow: AST; 2004. 730 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Latest news &amp; events // World Values Survey (WVS). URL: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp (дата обращения: 10.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latest news &amp; events. World Values Survey (WVS). URL: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp (accessed on 10.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putnam R. D. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2000. 541 p. DOI: 10.1145/358916.361990</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putnam R.D. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon &amp; Schuster; 2000. 541 p. DOI: 10.1145/358916.361990</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman J. S. Social capital in the creation of human capital // American Journal of Sociology. 1988. Vol. 94. No. 1. P. S95–S120. DOI: 10.1086/228943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman J.S. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology. 1988;94(1):S95-S120. DOI: 10.1086/228943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олсон М. Возвышение и упадок народов: экономический рост, стагфляция и социальный склероз / пер. с англ. В. Бусыгин. М.: Новое издательство, 2013. 324 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson M. The rise and decline of nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social rigidities. New Haven CT: Yale University Press; 1984. 276 p. (Russ. ed.: Olson M. Vozvyshenie i upadok narodov: ekonomicheskii rost, stagflyatsiya i sotsial’nyi skleroz. Moscow: Novoe izdatel’stvo; 2013. 324 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coase R. H. The problem of social cost // The Journal of Law and Economics. 2013. Vol. 56. No. 4. P. 837–877. DOI: DOI: 10.1086/674872</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coase R.H. The problem of social cost. The Journal of Law and Economics. 2013;56(4):837-877. DOI: DOI: 10.1086/674872</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knack S., Keefer P. Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation // The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1997. Vol. 112. No. 4. P. 1251–1288. DOI: 10.1162/003355300555475</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knack S., Keefer P. Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1997;112(4):1251-1288. DOI: 10.1162/003355300555475</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Why we study Trust? // Daniel J. Edelman Holdings, Inc. URL: https://www.edelman.com/trust (дата обращения: 05.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Why we study Trust? Daniel J. Edelman Holdings, Inc. URL: https://www.edelman.com/trust (accessed on 05.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никишина Е. Н. Культурный капитал как фактор трансакционных издержек: дис. … канд. экон. наук. М., 2016. 161 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikishina E.N. Cultural capital as a factor of transaction costs. Cand. econ. sci. diss. Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University; 2016. 161 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Татарко А. Н. Исследования социального капитала в поликультурном обществе: теоретико-методологические проблемы и важнейшие результаты // Социальная психология и общество. 2021. Т. 12. № 4. С. 34–52. DOI: 10.17759/sps.2021120403</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatarko A.N. Researches on social capital in multicultural society: Theoretical and methodological problems and key results. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo = Social Psychology and Society. 2021;12(4):34-52. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/sps.2021120403</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поланьи К. Великая трансформация. Политические и экономические истоки нашего времени / пер. с англ. СПб.: Алетейя, 2002. 312 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polanyi K. The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Boston: MA: Beacon Press; 2001. 360 p. (Russ. ed.: Polanyi K. Velikaya transformatsiya: politicheskie i ekonomicheskie istoki nashego vremeni. St. Petersburg: Aletheia; 2002. 312 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nydell M. K. Understanding Arabs: A contemporary guide to Arab society. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2018. 434 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nydell M.K. Understanding Arabs: A contemporary guide to Arab society. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing; 2018. 434 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A vibrant society // Vision 2030. URL: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/overview/pillars/a-vibrant-society (дата обращения: 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A vibrant society. Vision 2030. URL: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/overview/pillars/a-vibrant-society (accessed on 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Who we are. What we do // Saudi Arabian Statistical Agency. URL: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/statistics-overview (дата обращения: 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Who we are. What we do. Saudi Arabian Statistical Agency. URL: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/statistics-overview (accessed on 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Население Саудовской Аравии // Countrymeters. URL: https://countrymeters.info/ru/Saudi_Arabia#Aged_dependency_ratio (дата обращения: 03.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Population of Saudi Arabia. Countrymeters. URL: https://countrymeters.info/ru/Saudi_Arabia#Aged_dependency_ratio (accessed on 03.11.2024). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">About us // Saudi Arabian Statistical Agency. URL: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/nodeGeneralAuthorityStatisticKSA (дата обращения: 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">About us. Saudi Arabian Statistical Agency. URL: https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/nodeGeneralAuthorityStatisticKSA (accessed on 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human development summary capturing achievements in the HDI and complementary metrics that take into account gender gaps, inequality, planetary pressures and multidimensional poverty // Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. URL: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SAU (дата обращения: 05.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human development summary capturing achievements in the HDI and complementary metrics that take into account gender gaps, inequality, planetary pressures and multidimensional poverty. Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. Mar. 13, 2024. URL: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SAU (accessed on 05.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Обзор финансирования образования за 2023 г. // ЮНЕСКО. URL: https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/ru/2023efw (дата обращения: 06.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2023 Education finance watch. UNESCO. URL: https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/2023efw (accessed on 06.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Annual Report 2023 // Vision 2030. URL: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/annual-reports (дата обращения: 02.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Annual Report 2023. Vision 2030. URL: https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/en/annual-reports (accessed on 09.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Employment and time use // World Bank Group. URL: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/topics/employment-and-time-use (дата обращения: 09.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Employment and time use. World Bank Group. URL: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/topics/employment-and-time-use (accessed on 09.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саудовская Аравия: уровень грамотности женщин 15–24 лет // GlobalEconomy.com. URL: https://ru.theglobaleconomy.com/Saudi-Arabia/Female_literacy_rate_15_25/ (дата обращения: 08.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saudi Arabia: Literacy rate for females 15-24. GlobalEconomy.com. URL: https://ru.theglobaleconomy.com/Saudi-Arabia/Female_literacy_rate_15_25/ (accessed on 08.11.2024). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Women, Business and the Law (WBL) // World Bank. URL: https://wbl.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/wbl/documents/2024/WBL2024-Economy-Scores.pdf (дата обращения: 08.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Women, business and the law (WBL). World Bank. URL: https://wbl.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/wbl/documents/2024/WBL2024-Economy-Scores.pdf (accessed on 08.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saudi Arabia report // 2023 Edelman Trust Barometer. URL: https://www.edelman.ae/sites/g/files/aatuss386/files/2023-05/2023%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer_Saudi%20Arabia%20Report.pdf (дата обращения: 12.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saudi Arabia report. 2023 Edelman Trust Barometer. URL: https://www.edelman.ae/sites/g/files/aatuss386/files/2023-05/2023%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer_Saudi%20Arabia% 20Report.pdf (accessed on 12.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saudi Arabia: Government effectiveness // GlobalEconomy.com. URL: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/SaudiArabia/wb_government_effectiveness/ (дата обращения: 12.11.2024)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saudi Arabia: Government effectiveness. GlobalEconomy.com. URL: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Saudi-Arabia/wb_government_effectiveness/ (accessed on 12.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saudi Arabia: Overview // World Bank Group. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/country/saudi-arabia (дата обращения: 10.11.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saudi Arabia: Overview. World Bank Group. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/country/saudi-arabia (accessed on 10.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
