<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">emjume</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономика и управление</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics and Management</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-1627</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-7984</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбУТУиЭ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35854/1998-1627-2020-12-1297-1307</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">emjume-1030</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMIC THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проект как способ реализации предпринимательской деятельности в XXI веке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Project as the Way to Implement Entrepreneurial Activity in the 21st Century</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0045-8778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литау</surname><given-names>Е. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litau</surname><given-names>E. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Литау Екатерина Яковлевна – кандидат экономических наук, доцент, доцент факультета технологического менеджмента и инноваций; доцент Департамента менеджмента</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский пр., д. 49198095, Санкт-Петербург, Промышленная ул., д. 17а </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Ya. Litau – Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Technological Management and Innovation; Associate Professor of the Department of Management</p><p>49/A, Kronverkskiy Ave., St. Petersburg, 19710117A, Promyshlennaya Str., St. Petersburg, 198095 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterina_litau@blcons.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики (Университет ИТМО); Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (Санкт-Петербургский кампус)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University); National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (Campus in St. Petersburg)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1297</fpage><lpage>1307</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Литау Е.Я., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Литау Е.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Litau E.Y.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1030">https://emjume.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1030</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение и разработка теоретической и методологической основы понимания феномена «проект», его роли в реализации предпринимательской деятельности в XXI веке.</p></sec><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи. Концептуализация категории «проект» в современной предпринимательской парадигме. Обосновать позицию, согласно которой повсеместное распространение понятия «проект» свидетельствует о том, что в XXI веке постепенно изменяется содержательная сторона предпринимательской деятельности в направлении ее гуманизации: от исключительно экономических целей происходит смещение в сторону этико-эстетических мотивов.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Методологической базой является трансдисциплинарная установка, сочетающая философско-этические положения теории синергетики, метаэтики, семантических теорий, находящихся в основе научных изысканий в области теории предпринимательства. Исследование базируется на методологическом подходе, обеспечивающем синтез методологии индивидуализма и холизма, который позволяет расширить анализ вопросов развития теории предпринимательства в соответствии с интерсубъективной природой экономической реальности и теорией эндогенного роста.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В современной трактовке понятие «проект» постепенно приобретает иное значение. Все чаще это слово употребляется в контексте с общественно значимыми вопросами, в таких сочетаниях, как образовательный проект, благотворительный проект. В категории «проект» наблюдается связь между общественным благом и частной потребностью. Подобное смещение акцентов свидетельствует о том, что созрела всеобщая потребность в понимании предпринимательства как общественно полезной деятельности, имеющей важное социальное значение. Перед теорией предпринимательства стоит ключевая задача — создать знаковую систему современной предпринимательской парадигмы, основанной на принципах гуманизма, ответственности, биофилии и просвещения, подразумевающих осведомленность участников рынка о потенциальном влиянии их действий на всю экосистему.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Ограничения в ответ на антропогенную деятельность человека стоит рассматривать как источник новых предпринимательских возможностей. При таком подходе можно считать их неотъемлемым положительным элементом современной экономики. В этом аспекте ограничения предоставляют свободу для инновационных действий, которые позволят поддерживать окружающую среду, одновременно устраняя угрозу экологии. Тем не менее осуществить все это нельзя без адекватных потоков информации, соответствующего нормативного регулирования и жизнеспособных рыночных институтов. С учетом того, что современный мир можно охарактеризовать как мир неопределенностей, наблюдается постоянный переход от одного экологического кризиса к другому. Каждый экологический кризис является непреднамеренным следствием предыдущих экономических инноваций и может быть разрешен при помощи новых экономических инноваций. Несмотря на то, что правительства будут разрабатывать нормативно-правовую базу, стимулирующую процесс охраны окружающей среды и ее регенерацию, они не могут действовать так же быстро, как предприниматели, вводя необходимые инновации и стимулируя соответствующее творческое разрушение. Возможности правительств ограничены, скорость их реагирования замедлена ввиду необходимости удовлетворения интересов разных групп; предприниматели уничтожают такие интересы. Современные технологические возможности кратно увеличивают выбор, а следовательно, и свободу. Как показывает практика, никакие законодательные ограничения не способны долго сдерживать «цивилизационное» развитие, что обусловливает необходимость осознания ответственности. Поэтому наиболее перспективные вложения в этом вопросе видятся в развитии этических основ предпринимательской деятельности. Ввиду таких перспектив следует отказаться от устоявшегося употребления понятия предпринимательства и вложить в него новую сущность, разработать новые категории, которые бы соответствовали содержательной стороне этой деятельности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim of this paper is to study and develop theoretical and methodological basis for understanding the phenomenon of the “project” and its role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity in the 21st century.</p></sec><sec><title>Tasks</title><p>Tasks. The main objective of this paper is to conceptualize the category of the “project” in the modern entrepreneurial paradigm. The widespread dissemination of this concept indicates that in the 21st century, the content side of entrepreneurial activity is gradually changing towards its humanization, showing a shift from exclusively economic goals towards ethical and aesthetic motives.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The methodological basis of the paper is a transdisciplinary attitude that combines the philosophical and ethical provisions of the theory of synergy, metaethics, semantic theories that underpin the scientific research in the field of entrepreneurship theory. It also provides a synthesis of the methodology of individualism and holism, which allows expanding the development of the entrepreneurship theory according to the intersubjective nature of economic reality and the endogenous growth theory.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Today’s interpretation of the concept of the “project” is gradually acquiring a different meaning. Increasingly, there is a tendency to use this word in connection to socially significant problems from an educational project to a charitable project. The category of the “project” implies the connection between the public good and the private need.Such a shift in emphasis indicates that there is a universal need for understanding entrepreneurship as a useful activity of great social significance. The task of the theory of entrepreneurship is to create a symbolic system of the modern entrepreneurial paradigm, based on the humanism principles, responsibility, biophilia, and education, implying the awareness of market participants about the potential impact of their actions on the entire eco-system.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. We consider the restrictions in response to anthropogenic human activities as a source of new entrepreneurial opportunities and as an integral positive element of the modern economy. In this basis, the restrictions provide freedom to innovative actions that will help to maintain the environment while eliminating environmental threats. However, the change cannot happen without adequate information flows, appropriate regulations, and viable market institutions. The modern world can be characterized as a world of uncertainties; therefore there is a constant transition from one environmental crisis to another. Each environmental crisis is an unintended consequence of previous economic innovations and can be resolved with new ones. While governments will develop regulatory frameworks that stimulate environmental protection and regeneration, they cannot act as quickly as entrepreneurs who can implement innovations and stimulate corresponding creative destruction. Governments’ capacity is limited and their speed of response is slow due to their need to meet the interests of different groups; entrepreneurs destroy such interests. Modern technological possibilities multiply the choice and, consequently, the freedom. As practice shows, no legislative restrictions can hold back a “civilizational” development for a long time, and this necessitates an awareness of responsibility.Therefore, we consider the development of the ethical foundations of entrepreneurial activity as the most promising investment. In the light of this, one should abandon the established use of the entrepreneurship concept, put a new essence into it, and develop new categories that would correspond to the content side of entrepreneurial activity.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>проект</kwd><kwd>проективность</kwd><kwd>предпринимательство</kwd><kwd>инновация</kwd><kwd>стартап</kwd><kwd>предпринимательская парадигма</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>project</kwd><kwd>projectivity</kwd><kwd>entrepreneurship</kwd><kwd>innovation</kwd><kwd>start-up</kwd><kwd>entrepreneurial paradigm</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ренан Э. О происхождении языка. Воронеж: тип. В. Гольдштейна, 1866. 126 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renan E. De l’origine du langage. Paris: Michel-Lévy frères; 1858. 258 p. (Russ. ed.: Renan E. O proiskhozhdenii yazyka. Voronezh: V. Goldstein Print.; 1866. 126 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Defoe D. An Essay upon Pojects. Glasgow: Good Press, 2019. 220 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Defoe D. An essay upon projects. Glasgow: Good Press; 2019. 220 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров Н. Ф. Сочинения. М.: Мысль, 1982. 711 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov N.F. Works. Moscow: Mysl’; 1982. 711 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслобоева О. Д. Исследовательские программы в контексте современной научной картины мира: учеб. пособие. СПб.: Изд-во Санкт-Петербургского государственного экономического университета, 2016. 123 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masloboeva O.D. Research programs in the context of the modern scientific picture of the world. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Economics; 2016. 123 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. 5th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, 2013. 616 p. URL: https://repository.dinus.ac.id/docs/ajar/PMBOKGuide_5th_Ed.pdf (дата обращения: 26.11.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A Guide to the project management body of knowledge. 5 th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute; 2013. 616 p. URL: https://repository.dinus.ac.id/docs/ajar/PMBOKGuide_5th_Ed.pdf (accessed on 26.11.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seymour T., Hussein S. The History of Project Management // International Journal of Management and Information Systems. 2014. Vol. 18. No. 4. P. 233–240. DOI: 10.19030/ijmis.v18i4.8820</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seymour T.J., Hussein S. The history of project management. International. Journal of Management and Information Systems. 2014;18(4):233-240. DOI: 10.19030/ijmis.v18i4.8820</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuura A. Blackburn R. A., Lundin R. A. Entrepreneurship and projects – Linking segregated communities // Scandinavian Journal of Management. 2014. Vol. 30. No. 2. P. 214–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.scaman.2013.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuura A. Blackburn R.A., Lundin R.A. Entrepreneurship and projects – Linking segregated communities. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 2014;30(2):214-230. DOI: 10.1016/j.scaman.2013.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">APM body of knowledge. 5th ed. Princes Risborough: Association for Project Management, 2006. 198 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">APM body of knowledge. 5 th ed. Princes Risborough: Association for Project Management; 2006. 198 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleland D., Ireland L. R. Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. 523 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleland D.I., Ireland L.R. Project management: Strategic design and implementation. 5 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2006. 523 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundin R., Söderholm A. A theory of the temporary organization // Scandinavian Journal of Management. 1995. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 437–455. DOI: 10.1016/0956-5221(95)00036-U</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundin R.A., Söderholm A. A theory of the temporary organization. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 1995;11(4):437-455. DOI: 10.1016/0956-5221(95)00036-U</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katila R., Chen E. L., Piezunka H. All the right moves: How entrepreneurial firms compete effectively // Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. 2012. Vol. 6. No. 2. P. 116–132. DOI: 10.1002/sej.1130</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katila R., Chen E.L., Piezunka H. All the right moves: How entrepreneurial firms compete effectively. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. 2012;6(2):116-132. DOI: 10.1002/sej.1130</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руководство к своду знаний по управлению проектами (Руководство РМВОК). М.: Олимп-Бизнес, 2019. 974 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK ® guide). Moscow: Olymp-Business; 2019. 974 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blank S., Dorf B. The Startup Owner’s Manual: The Step-By-Step Guide for Building a Great Company. Pescadero: K &amp; S Ranch, 2012. 608 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blank S., Dorf B. The startup owner’s manual: The step-by-step guide for building a great company. Pescadero: K &amp; S Ranch; 2012. 608 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salamzadeh A., Kawamorita Kesim H. Startup Companies: Life Cycles and Challenges // 4 th International Conference on Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship (EEE). Belgrade, 2015. P. 15–24. URL: http://www.eee-conference.com/_img/arhiva/2015/eee_2015_book_i.pdf (дата обращения: 26.11.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salamzadeh A., Kawamorita Kesim H. Startup companies: Life cycles and challenges. In: Proc. 4 th Int. conf. on employment, education and entrepreneurship (EEE). (Belgrade, 14-16, 2015). 2015:15-24. URL: http://www.eee-conference.com/_img/arhiva/2015/eee_2015_book_i.pdf (accessed on 26.11.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baccarini D. The concept of project complexity – A review // International Journal of Project Management. 1996. Vol. 14. No. 4. P. 201–204. DOI: 10.1016/0263-7863(95)00093-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baccarini D. The concept of project complexity – A review. International Journal of Project Management. 1996;14(4):201-204. DOI: 10.1016/0263-7863(95)00093-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams T. The need for new paradigms for complex projects // International Journal of Project Management. 1999. Vol. 17. No. 5. P. 269–273. DOI: 10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00047-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams T.M. The need for new paradigms for complex projects. International Journal of Project Management. 1999;17(5):269-273. DOI: 10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00047-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huemann M., Martinsuo M. In project management, uncertainty is a great opportunity // International Journal of Project Management. 2016. Vol. 34. No. 6. P. 1026–1027. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.06.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huemann M., Martinsuo M. In project management, uncertainty is a great opportunity. International Journal of Project Management. 2016;34(6):1026-1027. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.06.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner J. R., Cochrane R. A. Goals-and-methods matrix: coping with projects with ill-defined goals and / or methods of achieving them // International Journal of Project Management. 1993. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 93–102. DOI: 10.1016/0263-7863(93)90017-H</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner J.R., Cochrane R.A. Goals-and-methods matrix: Coping with projects with ill-defined goals and/or methods of achieving them. International Journal of Project Management. 1993;11(2):93-102. DOI: 10.1016/0263-7863(93)90017-H</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker A., Knyphausen-Aufsess D., Brem A. Beyond traditional developmental models: A fresh perspective on entrepreneurial new venture creation // International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. 2015. Vol. 7. No. 2. P. 152–172. DOI: 10.1504/IJEV.2015.068591</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker A., Knyphausen-Aufsess D., Brem A. Beyond traditional developmental models: A fresh perspective on entrepreneurial new venture creation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. 2015;7(2):152-172. DOI: 10.1504/IJEV.2015.068591</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Meyer A., Loch C. H., Pich M. T. Managing Project Uncertainty: From Variation to Chaos // MIT Sloan Management Review. 2002. Vol. 43. No. 2. P. 60–67. URL: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/managing-project-uncertainty-from-variation-to-chaos/ (дата обращения: 07.12.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Meyer A., Loch C.H., Pich M.T. Managing project uncertainty: From variation to chaos. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2002;43(2):60-67. URL: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/managingproject-uncertainty-from-variation-to-chaos/ (accessed on 07.12.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindgren M., Packendorff J. A Project-Based View of Entrepreneurship: Towards Action-Orientation, Seriality and Collectivity // New movements in entrepreneurship / ed. by C. Steyaert, D. Hjorth. Cheltenham, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2003. P. 86–102. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef88/26d7c1c48a6321a68c1a40f76c03074c21bf.pdf (дата обращения: 07.12.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindgren M., Packendorff J. A project-based view of entrepreneurship: Towards action-orientation, seriality and collectivity. In: Steyaert C., Hjorth D., eds. New movements in entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar; 2003:86-102. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef88/26d7c1c48a6321a68c1a40f76c03074c21bf.pdf (accessed on 07.12.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salamzadeh A. New venture creation: Controversial Perspectives and Theories // Economic Analysis. 2015. Vol. 48. No. 3-4. P. 101–109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salamzadeh A. New venture creation: Controversial perspectives and theories. Economic Analysis. 2015;48(3-4):101-109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasmussen E. Understanding academic entrepreneurship: Exploring the emergence of university spin-off ventures using process theories // International Small Business Journal. 2011. Vol. 29. No. 5. P. 448–471. DOI: 10.1177/0266242610385395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasmussen E. Understanding academic entrepreneurship: Exploring the emergence of university spin-off ventures using process theories. International Small Business Journal. 2011;29(5):448-471. DOI: 10.1177/0266242610385395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levie J., Lichtenstein B. A Terminal Assessment of Stages Theory: Introducing a Dynamic States Approach to Entrepreneurship // Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2010. Vol. 34. No. 2. P. 317–350. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00377.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levie J., Lichtenstein B.B. A terminal assessment of stages theory: Introducing a dynamic states approach to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2010;34(2):317-350. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00377.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhave M. A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation // Journal of Business Venturing. 1994. Vol. 9. No. 3. P. 223–242. DOI: 10.1016/0883-9026(94)90031-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhave M.P. A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing. 1994;9(3):223-242. DOI: 10.1016/0883-9026(94)90031-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engwall M. The Project Concept(s): On the Unit of Analysis in the Study of Project Management // Projects as Arenas for Renewal and Learning Processes / ed. by R. A. Lundin, C. Midler. Boston: Springer, 1998. P. 25–35. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5691-6_3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engwall M. The project concept(s): On the unit of analysis in the study of project management. In: Lundin R.A., Midler C., eds. Projects as arenas for renewal and learning processes. Boston, MA: Springer Verlag; 1998:25-35. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5691-6_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Artto K., Wikström K. What is project business? // International Journal of Project Management. 2005. Vol. 23. No. 5. P. 343–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.03.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artto K., Wikström K. What is project business? International Journal of Project Management. 2005;23(5):343-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.03.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Packendorff J. Inquiring into the temporary organization: New directions for project management research // Scandinavian Journal of Management. 1995. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 319–333. DOI: 10.1016/09565221(95)00018-Q</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Packendorff J. Inquiring into the temporary organization: New directions for project management research. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 1995;11(4):319-333. DOI: 10.1016/09565221(95)00018-Q</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winter M., Andersen E.S., Elvin R., Levene R. Focusing on business projects as an area for future research: An exploratory discussion of four different perspectives // International Journal of Project Management. 2006. Vol. 24. No. 8. P. 699–709. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winter M., Andersen E.S., Elvin R., Levene R. Focusing on business projects as an area for future research: An exploratory discussion of four different perspectives. International Journal of Project Management. 2006;24(8):699-709. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinsuo M., Gemuenden H. G., Huemann M. Toward strategic value from projects // International Journal of Project Management. 2012. Vol. 30. No. 6. P. 637–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.03.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinsuo M., Gemuenden H.G., Huemann M. Toward strategic value from projects. International Journal of Project Management. 2012;30(6):637-638. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.03.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair S., Paulose H., Palacios M., Tafur J. Service orientation: effectuating business model innovation // Service Industries Journal. 2013. Vol. 33. No. 9-10. P. 958–975. DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2013.746670</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair S., Paulose H., Palacios M., Tafur J. Service orientation: Effectuating business model innovation. The Service Industries Journal. 2013;33(9-10):958-975. DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2013.746670</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langmaack L., Zharovskikh D. The Project-based View of Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Projectbased View and its Implications for Startups. Umeå: Umeå University, Umeå School of Business and Economics, 2017. 112 p. URL: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1070093/FULLTEXT01.pdf (дата обращения: 09.12.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langmaack L., Zharovskikh D. The project-based view of entrepreneurship: Exploring the projectbased view and its implications for startups. Umeå: Umeå School of Business and Economics, Umeå University; 2017. 112 p. URL: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1070093/FULLTEXT01.pdf (accessed on 09.12.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gemünden H. G., Lehner P., Kock A. The project-oriented organization and its contribution to innovation // International Journal of Project Management. 2018. Vol. 36. No. 1. P. 147–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.07.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gemünden H.G., Lehner P., Kock A. The project-oriented organization and its contribution to innovation. International Journal of Project Management. 2018;36(1):147-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.07.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blank S. What’s A Startup? First Principles [Электронный ресурс] // Steve Blank. January 25. 2010. URL: https://steveblank.com/2010/01/25/whats-a-startup-first-principles/ (дата обращения: 09.12.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blank S. What’s a startup? First principles. Steve Blank. Jan. 25. 2010. URL: https://steveblank.com/2010/01/25/whats-a-startup-first-principles/ (accessed on 09.12.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
